The Ethical Theories of Punishment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

The Ethical Theories of Punishment - Essay Example These ethical theories of punishment, based on principles of reciprocity, the potential of human transformation and grace come into conflict with one another because of the differences in the intentions in imposing punishment as well as the effects of the punishment. Ethical considerations regarding punishment are of major consequence since its policies infiltrate into and guide all the systems of government: legislative, judicial and executive. The primary objective of punishment is to preserve law and order in society. It is a method implemented and harnessed by an authority to keep a level of stability in society. The moral barometer of society is most often directed according to the decisions taken by legislators and interpreted by the judiciary. Legally, punishment governs the justice and penal systems in which persons offending the law are brought to justice. The justice and penal systems are integral since human rights must be protected and maintained within these institutions , not only by men, but also by a divine figure. The administration of retributive justice by deity is a concept as old as time immemorial and  has been corroborated by our modern justice system. In classical Greece, retributive judgment had religious significance so that the Greeks even had a goddess, Nemesis, which personified and delivered retribution to her followers (Littleton 960). Nemesis is often depicted carrying a pair of scales to demonstrate fairness and inflicted punishment based on the indignation of the gods at particular crime or hubris. Not only in Greek religion but in every religion, there is a mandated form of justice or vengeance for contraventions of the law. Indeed, the goddess Lady Justice stands before major courthouses  and  Departments of Justice as the dispenser of punishment. Retributive punishment is the brand of punishment retaliatory in nature. Retribution dictates that offenders of the law must face a penalty for their attack on another. The pur pose of retribution is to have the guilty party suffer for a wrong committed and â€Å"provides limits that the punishment fit the crime† (Natarajan 75). The letter of the law imposes a cost on the part of the transgressor of the law in which the ancient retributive principle of â€Å"an eye for an eye† comes into effect. Retributive punishment places the fault of the crime squarely on the shoulders of the offender. In other words, you do the crime, you do the time. Society has instituted and leaned on a penal system for ages as a means of restraining offenders from threatening law-abiding citizens. Retributive punishment constitutes â€Å"one of those infringements of the holy will of God in society which can claim a formal legitimacy† (Bedau 439). Hence, one sees that present-day punishment is derived from a legacy of retributive justice. Retributive punishment follows the ethical principle of â€Å"an eye for an eye†¦- the amount of punishment is propor tioned to the degree of his responsibility† (Wood 635). In other words, punishment has to be tantamount to the offense. Taken from the Mosaic law, this law signifies that in penal law, offenders’ punishment has to be weighed alongside the crime. The penal system is to a large extent governed by this rule because of religious history and transferred values. Also, the natural reactive attitudes inherent to man compel him to reciprocate an injury done. Standards are set so that judge and jury sentence miscreants

HOW DOES INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS SUCH AS WORLD TRADE Research Paper

HOW DOES INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS SUCH AS WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION (WTO), EUROPEAN UNION (EU) AND NORTH AMERICA - Research Paper Example Free trade has highly devastated American industries and American jobs at large. The Senator Barrack Obama in 2007 indicated his believe in free trade (Raskin, et al. 42). He however acknowledged that the burdens that came with this trade highly outweighed the benefits especially for millions of Americans. The trade has contributed to adverse working conditions. Underdeveloped countries will want to cut down on costs in a bid to benefit from price advantages but on the other hand, many employees in the respective countries end up facing low pay, bad working conditions and forced labor including abusive child labor. As underdeveloped countries attempt to cut costs to gain a price advantage, many workers in these countries face low pay, substandard working conditions and even forced labor and abusive child labor. Yet the WTO states that it does not consider a manufacturer’s treatment of workers reason for countries to bar importation of that manufacturer's products. The WTO howe ver notes that developing countries insist any attempt to include working conditions in trade agreements is meant to end their cost advantage in the world market. This trade often contributes to environmental damage. An increase of corporate farms in developing countries tends to increase pesticide and energy use, and in turn host countries ignore costly environmental standards. The Global Development and Environmental Institute, however, find the environmental impact mixed. The WTO is criticized for not allowing barriers to imports based on inadequate environmental standards in countries where goods are produced (Richardson 76-9). Yet the WTO points to its ruling in the 1990s allowing a U.S. ban on shrimp imports because fishing methods threatened endangered sea turtles outside U.S. borders. The extent to which environmental standards should be considered in free trade is an ongoing debate within the WTO. The trade agreements tend to draw protests from the U.S. public as a result o f feared job loss to foreign countries with cheaper labor. Yet proponents of free trade say new agreements help to improve the economy on either side. There is no clear picture of whether the trade significantly affects U.S. employment levels, given all the economic forces that affect job rates. Proponents of free trade contend that even if the economies of developing nations improve under free trade, those economies are still too small to have any real effect on the U.S. economy and job market (Goldstein 21). Unions have strongly criticized the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) between the United States, Mexico and Canada as critically harmful to workers and the U.S. economy. The AFL-CIO argues NAFTA has harmed consumers and workers thereby contributing to a loss of jobs and drop in income while strengthening the clout of multinational corporations. The unions contend that the increased capital mobility facilitated by free trade has hurt the environment and weakened gover nment regulations. The Council on Foreign Relations (CFR), reports that many economists agree NAFTA has caused some overall improvement in U.S. jobs but with harmful side effects. Free trade can cause turbulence in sectors of a domestic economy, such as long-established

Generation Z Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Generation Z - Essay Example Concurrently, most of my peers, including me, exemplify the principle of social security through adeptness and acumen on technological gadgets and applications. It is in this particular generation that most of the technological gadgets pertaining to telecommunications abound. When computers were large, bulky and immovable during the times of generation X; personal computers, laptops, and other technology gadgets seem to be produced in portable smaller versions to be pocketed and brought anywhere and everywhere. Peers and friends are seen to exchange and share information on their latest smartphones, iPads (tablets), portable media players (iPods), Kindle, and other digital media gadgets. The members of the previous generation could be oblivious of discerning one version from the other of one particular gadget (smartphones, for instance); yet, to this generation z, recognition of the feature, specifications, and applications of all updated digital media gadgets is natural to us. Thus, possessing one or more of these technological gadgets affirm the principle of social belongingness through proving that their capabilities enable immediate access to our whereabouts, if ever and whenever, needed. Finally, another proof that this generation longs to be part of a social group is the innate desire to become affiliated with peers of similar age groups through sharing similarities in sports activities and entertainment: music, films, and physical fitness programs, on a more global sphere.

Personal Mission Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Personal Mission - Essay Example ds) Exceptional Needs Standards firstly, then it moves towards the understanding of the special educator, after it, it informs about how can the NBPTS Exceptional Needs Standards be applied for teaching students with disabilities, then there is an assessment of knowledge and skills needed to be an effective special educator and in the end, the topic is concluded. NBPTS (National Board for Professional Teaching Standards) Exceptional Needs Standards is a certification for the teachers who teach students with special needs. The age criterion that is applied for exceptional students is twenty one and more than twenty one years of age (National Board for Professional Teaching Standards, 2006). The teacher willing to get this certification must be able to identify the needs of students in terms of communication because communication is required to get information, to apply information and to understand information. The NBPTS Exceptional Needs Standards require the teachers to be sincere to their teaching job and that they have full interest in enabling the students to learn. NBPTS Exceptional Needs Standards are a set of principles, which the interested candidates should be aware of before applying for it (Bond, et. al, 2000). The principles are related to the teaching attitude and interest of teachers and also about the devotion of teachers towards the students with exceptional needs. These standards make sure that the teachers that are certified according to these standards are able to let the students with special needs to learn to a great extent. The teachers are assessed according to their knowledge concerning relative subjects for the students with special needs. The teachers must be able to generate a positive correspondence between them and the students. The teachers should not keep any kind of prejudice or bias with the students, they must be fair to all. The teachers should have all the legal knowledge required for special education. According to these

An Investigation into the Factors that Impact on the Retention of Dissertation

An Investigation into the Factors that Impact on the Retention of Generation Y Workers in Nestle South Africa - Dissertation Example 89). Other terms have been used synonymously to pertain to the same group, such as â€Å"Millenials†, â€Å"Echo-Boomers†, or the â€Å"iGeneration†. These young individuals possess a set of common characteristics and expectations distinct from older generations who have preceded them. This generation can create considerable impact both as employees and consumers, meriting an investigation of the factors that influence their cognition, affect, and behaviours at work. The Nestle brand has continuously created an extensive range of products with superior quality, targeted towards consumers at a global scale. The multinational organisation, has been acknowledged internationally, owing to their research and development capabilities, geographic presence, and the premium that they place on their employees and their culture. Over 3,300 employees work for Nestle, 82% of whom are Black and 32% being females. Because of the organisation’s concern towards enhancing e mployee performance and well-being, Nestle has devised employee assistance programs that promote emotional and psychological support and financial stability, among others, towards maintaining employee wellness and effectively reducing employee turnover. Owing to the substantial influence of Generation Y employees on achieving the organisational bottomlines, the current research aims to ascertain the factors that influence their retention. ... Individuals who have grown up at different periods of time are likely to be characterized by a unique set of attitudes, values, beliefs, and expectations which exert a significant impact on their mindsets, behaviours, and their response to the culture of the workplace they belong to. As members of Generation Y enter employment, work forces have become more generationally diverse, being composed of four generations, spanning over 60 years- the Traditionalists, Baby Boomers, Generation X, and Generation Y (Glass, 2007, p. 98). Generation Y, which represents the latest generation to join the workforce, can be considered as the â€Å"most technically literate, educated, and ethnically diverse generation in history† (Eisner, 2005, p. 6). Gen Yers value personal development, achievement, and continual learning. There are inherent challenges in teaching and learning Generation Y employees in the contemporary workforce (Jonas-Dwyer and Pospisil, 2004). Differences exist among these ge nerations particularly as regards their preferred work culture, and such leanings are reflected in their preferred values, work styles and management (Eisner, 2005). As argued by Westerman and Yamamura (2007, p. 150), a profound understanding of work environment preferences, work motivation, and other work-related outcomes, is essential at strategizing for effective recruitment, training, retention and rewarding of the young generation. The current study thus further examines the factors that contribute to the motivation and retention of Gen Y employees in the South African context, specifically in the Nestle organisation. 1.3 The Research Problem There has been no systematic

Who Cares About Writing Anyway Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Who Cares About Writing Anyway - Essay Example is about the self, including the individual and the collective inside the â€Å"I.† I would like to think that people, however, should think more about what, why, and how they write, because writing renders significant power that should not be diluted by constantly writing about personal and superficial strifes alone. Freedom of speech is a responsibility that is too important to be wasted on empty status updates that do not, at least sometimes, mean something more to people as human beings and as communities. This paper argues that people should care about writing, because whoever writes well can re-tell the past, appreciate and affect the present, and re-define the future. History spawns power; whoever writes and re-tells it, owns it and the future. Benjamin Franklin has written his autobiography that some praise, some criticize, or some just feel nothing for. But he knows the power of the written word. The written word can be the basis for the said word too. The written word can bring meaning and lessons that can impact the way people think and act. Lawrence undermines Franklins moral values in â€Å"On Ben Franklins Virtues,† but he does so through writing too. He wants to document his own views, because he knows that writing will re-tell the past the way he wants it to be told. He wants the past to not be interpreted and spread by a white man alone. He wants his own viewpoint as a â€Å"dark forest† (367). I want to stress that writing consists of expressing how people want others to see themselves as individuals and as part of their people/s too. Indeed, each race has its individuals. Lawrence is an individual and Franklin is too; th ey belong to their â€Å"groups,† whether these groups intersect or not. They can clash in their arguments of virtues and write about it, because that is part of shaping who they are. At the same time, they want to influence others, whether they are in the same racial community or not, so that they can make sense of their past as

Emotional Intelligence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 10250 words

Emotional Intelligence - Essay Example Author Daniel Goleman (1995) also brought EI into the forefront with his books entitled, Emotional Intelligence: Why It Can Matter More Than IQ and Working with Emotional Intelligence (Goleman 1995). Both resources propose that EI accounts for success at home, school, and work, enabling individuals to become more cooperative and effective team members and to build their technical skills and IQ for jobs at all levels (Vitello-Cicciu 2003). Goleman also hypothesized that EI can be learned and improves with age (Goleman 1995). In contrast, Salovey and Mayer (1990) contend that EI develops with age and that emotional knowledge can be enhanced and emotional skills can be learned (Vitello-Cicciu 2003). What's not known to date through research is whether or not EI scores, as determined by an ability measurement known as the Mayer, Salovey, and Caruso Emotional Intelligence Test (MSCEIT), can be raised in individuals (Vitello-Cicciu 2003). (See Appendix: Assessment of EI in a Leader) Experts define emotional labor as the process of regulating both feelings and expressions to achieve organizational goals or expectations, or, as the effort, planning, and control needed to express organizationally desired emotions during interpersonal transactions (Vitello-Cicciu 2003). ... ational goals or expectations, or, as the effort, planning, and control needed to express organizationally desired emotions during interpersonal transactions (Vitello-Cicciu 2003). Organizationally desired emotions, also referred to as display rules are considered the standards of behavior that indicate not only which emotions are appropriate in relationship with others, but also how these emotions should be publicly displayed or expressed. The structure of this paper is as follows: Part one of paper begins with the introduction of the topic in an academic format. Then, explains the purpose of carrying out this research and what it tends to achieve is stated. After defining the objective a brief overview of the primary research questions are given. A very important chapter of literature review follows which highlights various researches which were carried out by the writers and analysts in the past. Research design highlights the approach and the methodology of how the information was acquired from the sources. The main Research results chapter has the main body of this research in which the findings have been discussed and concluded.In conclusion, the research shows that Marquise Facilities Corporation will benefit with incorporating emotional intelligence into its Management Training. In part 2 of the paper, a brief history of the company and the challenges they are faced with and how they will benefit from such train ing. Finally, a proposal of the implementation process will be presented. The main goal is to stress the importance of this training in the organization while being sensitive not to overload the busy managers with a program that will soon loose momentum. The key is to implement a process that is long lasting and adds value to the